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People migrate with lot of ambitions to turn their economic status around. In Odisha, particularly in the southern part of the Odisha state, there are many families where the migrant worker is the only earning member in the family and also migration is the only option to choose. Even if the government and NGOs have taken so many steps for the betterment of the migrant workers, improper way of working continues and also migrant workers are being taken for granted. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has shattered the dreams of migrant workers as they have been the hardest hit of the virus both from lives and livelihoods fronts. This paper is to present the psychological status of migrant workers during COVID-19 and for the purpose, the migrant workers of two southern districts (Khurdha and Gajapati) of Odisha have been considered. Moreover, how fuzzy logic can be of help in improving the psychological state of such migrants has also been highlighted in this paper. © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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It is increasingly recognised that many people with intellectual disabilities suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Eye-movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has been proposed as a potentially helpful intervention that is less reliant on verbal skills than other effective treatments for PTSD and therefore could be more effective than verbal interventions for people with intellectual disabilities. The Trauma-AID project is a randomised clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness of a bespoke EMDR protocol for adults with intellectual disability and PTSD, which incorporates a prolonged phase of Psycho-Education and Stabilisation (PES) prior to the trauma confrontation phase of EMDR. The COVID-19 pandemic struck during the feasibility phase of the Trauma-AID project, necessitating a second feasibility study to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of remote or hybrid delivery of the PES + EMDR protocol. To this end, we conducted two online surveys of therapists followed by interviews with clients, carers and senior therapists. The surveys were analysed descriptively. Content analysis was used for client and carer interviews, and framework analysis for therapist interviews. All stakeholders reported positive experiences of EMDR;however, some challenges were identified. The majority of clients, carers and therapists interviewed reported that the intervention, whether PES alone or the full PES-EMDR package, had improved symptoms of PTSD and psychological well-being, and carers also reported decreases in challenging behaviour. A full account of the data is provided in four Supplementary Digital files. PES-EMDR therapy appears both feasible and acceptable for clients with intellectual disabilities and therapists, whether delivered face-to-face or in a remote or hybrid mode, though remote working appears easier for the PES phase than the EMDR phase of the intervention. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities published by International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Introduction: Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have been proposed and developed for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients with mild to moderate diseases and to prevent further progression. The combination of Casirivimab and Imdevimab blocks the entry of virus into cells by attaching to receptor binding domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein. The mABs are utilised as a pre-emptive strategy in certain high-risk groups such as those suffering from chronic liver, kidney and respiratory disease, malignancies and other immunocompromised states where efficacy of vaccines may be suboptimal. Aim: To evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients who were treated with Antibody Cocktail drug (casirivimab and imdevimab). Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in patients confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 from June 2021 to January 2022 and subsequently, the collected data was analysed from May 2022 to June 2022. The study was conducted in a tertiary care referral hospital in eastern India. All eligible patient subsequently received casirivimab and imdevimab at COVID-19 facility. Monitoring of patients was done upto 12 hour postinfusion. Demographic parameters, routine investigations and clinical outcomes were assessed. Data entry was done using Microsoft Excel. Data was entered, coded and analysed using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. All analysis was done at a preset alpha error of 5% and results expressed at confidence levels of 95%. Results: Total 104 eligible cases were taken in present study. Nearly, 93% of those patients who had not been vaccinated were at higher risk for having severely elevated levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as compared to 48% of those with COVID-19 vaccination. Nearly, 9 out of 10 patients with moderate-severe CRP levels were at nine times more risk for longer duration of hospitalisation as compared to normal levels of CRP. All patients having moderate-severe CRP levels required mechanical ventilation in comparison to mild CRP levels. Patients with comorbidities were more likely to get severe COVID-19 infections (p-value ≤0.05). Unvaccinated subjects were more likely to have severe infections than vaccinated subjects. (p-value ≤0.05). Prolonged hospitalisation (>7 days) was statistically significant in severe COVID-19. Unvaccinated subjects had a statistically significant rise in CRP over vaccinated subjects. The majority of the patients receiving antibody cocktail did not require prolonged hospitalisation while a minor fraction required invasive ventilation. Antibody cocktail was safe, well tolerated and had good efficacy and low mortality rate as compared to other modalities of treatment in this study. Conclusion: The duration of hospitalisation and outcomes were superior in patients having mild to moderate COVID-19 who received antibody cocktail without any serious side-effects.
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Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine how the Coronavirus epidemic has affected the compassion of dentistry students in Bhubaneswar. Materials and Equipment: In this study, undergraduate dental students in Bhubaneswar served as the research subjects for a cross-sectional analysis. Following informed permission, dental school students from two time periods (one before and one after the occurrence of Coronavirus in India) were given the authorized and pretested Toronto Sympathy Poll (TEQ) (Bhubaneswar). A five-point scale was used to indicate members' levels of comprehension. Using a one-way analysis of variance, we compared students' TEQ scores during their four years of dentistry school (investigation of difference). The results of the meetings were analyzed using Tukey's post hoc test. The Chi-square test was used to analyze data collected before and during the recent Coronavirus epidemic (importance level, p 0.05). Only 270 of the 300 dentistry students enrolled in the focus before Coronavirus reached its conclusion;the remaining 260 enrolled thereafter. Comparing results from the same group before and after exposure to the Coronavirus revealed striking discrepancies in the compassion ratings. More than eighty-five percent of individuals answered the survey. As a result of this study's findings, it is concluded that undergraduate dental students' mean empathy ratings increased after COVID-19, indicating a discernibly greater degree of empathy at that time. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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In recent times, the pandemic seems to have a serious impact on the mental health of people around the world across all age groups. This has been manifested in the form of unstable mental conditions, depression, anxiety, stress, and many other similar mental illnesses among individuals. In this study, we explore the use of machine learning classification algorithms to detect and classify children and adolescents with unstable mental conditions such as depression, stress, and anxiety through the Covid-19 period based on demographic information and characteristics using the DASS-21 Scale. Using a dataset of 2050 Chinese participants, an attempt has been made to classify their depression, stress, and anxiety behavior into different levels (Normal, Moderate, and Severe). The classification algorithms considered are Support Vector Machines, KNN, Naive Bayes, and Decision Trees. It is observed that the Support Vector Machine is the most effective method for the classification of mental depression, anxiety, and stress conditions. The goal of the study is to build a classification model for accurate categorization of unknown samples into appropriate psychological chaos levels. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently evolving and associated with more complications with invasive fungal infection like mucormycosis. Classically, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) and other immunosuppressive conditions like corticosteroid therapy are known risk factors for causing mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients. Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection which rapidly spread to the orbit and brain from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Mucormycosis in COVID-19 is a fatal to the patient. There is possibility of COVID-19 as a trigger factor for diabetic ketoacidosis which predisposes to invasive fungal infections such as mucormycosis. Patients with poorly controlled DM and immunocompromised conditions increase the risk for development of COVID-19 infections in COVID-19 patients. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, a myriad of clinical manifestations and complications are emerged. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is a fatal clinical entity associated with COVID-19 infections resulting in higher morbidity and mortality. The treatment includes both medical and surgical interventions. It requires early and adequate treatment with amphotericin B and surgical debridement and control of risk factors. A multidisciplinary approach by otorhinolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, neurologists, and dentists is successful for treatment of COVID-19 patients with mucormycosis in the head-and-neck region. Identification of the risk factors and early preventive measures will minimize the incidence of life-threatening mucormycosis in the head-and-neck area of COVID-19 patients.
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Introduction: Tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evusheld) are long-acting monoclonal antibodies indicated for COVID-19 pre-exposure prophylaxis. Although multiple endotypes of hypersensitivity reactions to monoclonal antibodies have been described, including type I (IgE and non-IgE-mediated) reactions, cytokine release, mixed reactions, and type IV delayed reactions, serious hypersensitivity reactions to Evusheld are rare. We present a case of Evusheld adverse reaction, potentially consistent with anaphylaxis. Case Description: 72-year-old female with Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, secondary hypogammaglobulinemia from rituximab, interstitial lung disease, and laryngospasm received intramuscular Evusheld in clinic. Forty minutes later, the patient developed throat pain, throat fullness, difficulty swallowing, and dyspnea without wheezing or hypoxia. Documentation noted an unspecified rash. Vitals were stable. The patient was administered epinephrine, diphenhydramine, and steroids and transferred to the emergency department where symptoms resolved. However, five hours later, she developed recurrent throat fullness and difficulty swallowing, resulting in repeat Epinephrine. Flexible laryngoscopy was unremarkable. She had two additional self-resolving episodes of throat tightness at 12 and 24 hours. Labs drawn 24 hours after the initial reaction demonstrated IgE <2 kU/L, tryptase <2 ug/L, and IL-6 <2 pg/mL. The patient was discharged with 5-days of antihistamines and steroids. Discussion(s): This case highlights the difficulty in diagnosing anaphylaxis. While certain features of the patient's clinical symptoms were suggestive of anaphylaxis (rash, dyspnea, and throat symptoms), her long-standing history of laryngospasm, unremarkable laryngoscopy, undetectable serum IgE, and non-elevated tryptase suggest against an immediate IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction to Evusheld. A detailed risk-benefit discussion with the patient is warranted before consideration of future Evusheld doses. Copyright © 2022
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The present article is being written against the backdrop of the worldwide microeconomic crisis, which has raised a question mark on our very existence. Of course, during the last few centuries, several epidemics and pandemics have ravaged this world. The COVID-19 infection has spread its tentacles far and wide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries worldwide resorted to lockdown to break the chain of viral infection. Confinement of people to four walls has staged the micro economy to its belly button. The crisis has opened a new theme to anchor globally to recognize the migrant laborers and understanding their capabilities, developing an artificially intelligent data trust and cognitive response system to address the ongoing challenge. The present chapter is outlined to address the latent psychological response of migrant laborers, the potential for establishing micro skill clusters and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) to combat Covid-19. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious and rapidly spreading all over the world. COVID-19 patients might present with higher susceptibility to fungal co-infection. Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal disease characterized by vascular invasion by hyphae, leading to thrombosis and necrosis. Currently, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is creating a threat to patient's life in the community and is considered a fatal clinical entity in the Indian subcontinent. Mucormycosis is emerging as a matter of concern in COVID-19 patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities as risk factors. Here, a 48-year-old man previously admitted to the COVID hospital due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection presented with foreign body sensation and was later diagnosed with primary mucormycosis at the palatine tonsils. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with surgery followed by liposomal amphotericin B are essential for the successful management of the CAM. © Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth 2022.
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A chatbot is a software that produces a computer model of conversation through auditory or textual method between the user and the computer. Such bots use AI and NLP to understand user's questions and automate responses to them, simulating human conversation. In this modern technology almost, every person utilize smartphones in their day to day lives. Simply because, it has made life of a person simple by the touch of the screen, from extracting information from the internet, to provide personal assistance to entertainment everything happens just by the click of a button. Today Chatbots are used in various domains like education, customer service, medical, website help etc for seeking information, FAQ answering and guidance. Due to the advancements in AI and techniques used in data mining, healthcare chatbots are often used for medical screening. The aim of this paper is to do detailed study of various research papers related to chatbots and analyze the different tools, algorithms, software and platforms that are utilized. © 2022 IEEE.
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Aim and background: Delirium is the disturbance of consciousness characterised by acute onset, rapid fluctuations in mental status, and impaired cognitive functioning. The patient's ability to receive, process, store, and recall information is impaired in delirium. Objective: To study the incidence of delirium in patients in COVID and non-COVID ICU. To also study various risk factors associated with delirium. Materials and methods: After ethical committee approval and written informed consent, this study was carried out over a period of 1 year (August 2020 to July 2021). Each patient meeting the inclusion criteria was evaluated on the RAAS score within 24 hours of admission, then screened for delirium according to CAM-ICU worksheet every 6th hourly after admission in MICU. 50 patients were studied each in COVID and non-COVID ICU. Patients found to have delirium after the first assessment were classified as new cases. Various risk factors were evaluated prospectively. Results: Incidence of delirium in non-COVID ICU was 29%, while in COVID ICU was 37%. Delirium is present in a patient who has risk factors including smoking, higher severity of illness, oversedation, and mechanical ventilation. Antipsychotics can be used for patients who develop delirium. Conclusion: Delirium is a preventable issue in ICU patients that can be managed by preventing the risk factors that will decrease overall length of stay in ICU.
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Background: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients are known to exhibit varying degrees of immune dysfunction, few modifiable risk factors have been identified to improve this state of which one is the immune modulator effects of vitamin D. Vitamin D is being prescribed as a treatment of COVID-19 in a few guidelines as there is generalised assumption that vitamin D enhances immunity during this illness. So this is an attempt to find out whether a deficiency of vitamin D is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Aim: To study the relationship of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency with disease severity in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods: The present case-control study compared serum 25(OH)D levels among Mild to moderate and severe COVID- 19 patients. Around 39 diagnosed and Hospitalised Severe COVID- 19 disease are compared with 39 Hospitalised Mild and Moderate COVID-19 disease in Care Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India between April 1, 2021, ad August 31, 2021. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The Group 1-Mild to Moderate infection with CT Severity index < 10/25 and Group 2-Severe Infection with HRCT Chest of CTSI >10/25. As per hospital policy, severe infection patients were kept in Critical Care Area and Mild infection patients were kept in Ward/Cabin areas. Any patients becoming sick and being transferred to critical areas are shifted from Group 1 to Group 2 after HRCT chest. Vitamin D levels (25 D Cholecalciferol) are done on the day of admission by chemiluminescence immunoassay test after taking due consent from the patients/attenders. The level of cut-off used in our study is 20 ng/mL. The association was analysed using regression analysis and other statistical methods. Results: The status of 25(OH)D deficiency (present/absent with cut-off being 20 ng/mL) showed no significant difference among cases and control at p < 0.05. Chi-square statistics with Yates correction is 1.8909. The p value is 0.169099. So there were no significant differences in vitamin D3 levels between Mild to moderate and Severe COVID- 19 patients. Conclusion: 25(OH)D levels appear to have no strong association with disease severity amongst hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Hence, its prescription for COVID-19 treatment as well as prevention needs to be reconsidered.
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Introduction: The world is enveloped with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic with modern medicine and public health facing their most significant challenges ever posed. As the number of COVID-19 cases increased worldwide, an important issue of concern was the continuation of routine immunization services for children. This study has been conceptualized to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant Immunization. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive study conducted in an urban community amongst healthy children < 1-year-old from January 2018 to September 2021. Immunization records of infants were obtained from data generated during each immunization session and strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis was done using a questionnaire. Results: During the study, a total of 3518 vaccinations were done, a total of 3010 vaccinations (85.5%) were done on time, and the total delayed vaccinations were 508 (14.5%). The difference among the years was statistically significant, with the highest delay in the year 2020 (P < 0.001). However, in the year 2021, the number of vaccinations carried out from April to September was 568, with delayed vaccination of only 10.9%. Conclusion: The Armed Forces childhood immunization program could be sustained during the COVID-19 pandemic due to a multitude of contributing factors such as adherence to national guidelines that prioritized vaccination, infrastructure, and availability of trained workforce and most importantly commitment to strict COVID appropriate behavior.
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Agricultural produce does not get the apt recognition so far as the pricing and match between the supply and demand forces of it are concerned. In fact, the supply chain of the agricultural produce in India, particularly in the state of Odisha, is very weak. The supply chain of agricultural produce, i.e. the flow of agricultural produce from the farmers to the end-users, i.e. consumers, is not a smooth one for which the farmers receive a very less price, whereas the consumers pay exorbitant prices for the agricultural produce. Sometimes, the farmers fail to sell their produce owing to the unavailability of buyers, particularly for perishable produce during harvesting season. It happens for two things: (1) because the supply chain of agricultural produce is not scientific, and (2) because the farmers don’t have enough man-hours during harvesting season to sell their products directly to the consumers in the local markets. However, the insertion of some productive manpower in the existing supply chain of the agricultural produce may solve the purpose. The current pandemic owing to Covid-19 has caused an inflow of out-migrant people to their native places, i.e. repatriated migrants or returnee migrants. Since those returnee migrants are having the threat of life in migrated place for the on-going pandemic, their inclusion in the supply chain of agricultural produce may solve the problems of pricing and mismatch of demand and supply forces of agricultural produce. Against this backdrop, this paper is to design a framework to make use of the repatriated migrants in upgrading the supply chain of the agricultural produce. The methodology adopted for this paper is content analysis from the existing literature and secondary data. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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COVID-19 , Mucormycosis , Humans , Mucormycosis/complications , Mucormycosis/diagnosis , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Purpose Decision-makers in companies increasingly face unprecedented natural disasters. When business continuity is at risk, managers need a framework to imminently react. Design/methodology/approach A literature review and analysis of survival responses in nature and business case examples of company responses to the Covid-19 pandemic was the approach used. Findings There are direct parallels between the physiological stress response when a living individual perceives a threat to its survival, and the immediate reactions that occur when companies are faced with a disruptive event. Practical implications This article is meant to be used by decision-makers in companies to better react to disruptive events. Originality/value While nature-inspired methods have inspired inventions and algorithms, Hans Selye's general adaptation theory has not been used in parallel with business scenarios. We correlate fundamental organism survival mechanisms with a risk response framework to improve the probability of business survival during external threats.
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BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread all over world and is outpacing the resources and capacity of health care systems. This rapidly spreading COVI D-19 infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has been challenging the medical community and keeping the whole world in great threat to an unprecedented degree. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review article is to describe details of social distancing, hand hygiene and wearing face masks including there role in controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: We conducted an electronic search of Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline and PubMed databases for articles between June to September 2021. RESULTS: The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets or contact with an infected person. There are no established medications and vaccine available until now to restrain the transmission of the COVID-19 infection. Currently, social distancing, hand hygiene and wearing a mask are key steps to lower the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in COVID-19 pandemic. As this infection is highly contagious via a respiratory pathway through coughing, sneezing and contact with an infected surface, the spread can be reduced by the proper practice of social distancing, hand hygiene or frequent hand washing and wearing mask. These universal precautions should be done as COVID-19 patients may be asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Social distancing, hand washing and wearing face masks are cheap and widely acceptable methods for the prevention of the COVID-19 infection. The goal of this review paper is to discuss social distancing, hand hygiene and face mask information, including its role in managing the current COVID-19 pandemic
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Objective: To study the COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in the head and neck region of the patients along with patient details, clinical manifestations and management. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and retrospective study of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) carried out at a postgraduate teaching hospital. This study was conducted between March 2020 to April 2021. A patient profile such as age, sex, comorbidities, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of the CAM were analyzed. Results: There were 11 patients of CAM were enrolled in this study. There were eight male and three female patients, aged from 3 years to 72 years. Out of the 11 patients, 8 were diabetic (72.72%). Three patients (27.27%) were taking prolonged systemic steroids with a long hospital ICU stay. One child (9.09%) was under chemotherapy for acute leukemia. The common clinical symptoms were facial swelling, facial pain, nasal block and nasal discharge. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination and fungal culture with Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) showing Rhizopus oryzae. All were treated with endoscopic surgical debridement and amphotericin B. One case died because of cerebral involvement. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment for CAM are required. Aggressive endoscopic surgical debridement for local control and appropriate systemic antifungal treatment will help to improve the prognosis and survival of the patients. © 2021
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Aim: Mucormycosis is a rare but severe fungal infection, particularly found in immunocompromised patients. Currently this dreaded mucormycosis is rising among COVID-19 paediatric patients during their treatment period or after their discharge from hospital. It is also called as black fungus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) in head and neck region of the paediatric patients with its clinical manifestations and management. Material and methods: This is a descriptive and prospective study of paediatric patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) carried out at a postgraduate teaching hospital. This study was conducted between March 2020 to April 2021. Patient profile such as age, sex, comorbidities, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of the CAM were analysed. There were 12 paediatric patients of CAM were enrolled in this study. Results: Out of 12 paediatric patients of CAM, there were eight male and four female patients, aged from 3 years to 16 years. Out of the 12 patients, 3 were diabetic (25%). Three patients (25%) were taking prolonged systemic steroids with prolonged hospital ICU stay. Two children (16.66%) were under chemotherapy for acute leukaemia. The common clinical symptoms were facial swelling, facial pain, nasal block and nasal discharge. Diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. All were treated with endoscopic surgical debridement and amphotericin B. Two patients were passed away;one was due to cerebral involvement and another was due to respiratory failure by pneumonia. Conclusions: Early identification and prompt treatment in paediatric patients with CAM are required. Aggressive endoscopic surgical debridement for local control and appropriate systemic antifungal treatment will help to improve the prognosis and survival of the patients.